Before the 17th century, people generally believed that Earth was at the center of the universe, a system originally developed by Ptolemy. Galileo, however, was not afraid to challenge existing beliefs when he published...

This site discusses important debates that have occurred in the history of astronomy. It begins with a debate on the scale of the universe and continues with the scale of the universe and the nature of the universe. ...

Based in Berlin, the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science (MPIWG) was established in 1994 as a research institute administered by the Max Planck Society. The researchers at the MPIWG ask questions that include...

Exploring music, astronomy and cosmology, starting with the historical roots; the Pythagoreans in particular contributed profoundly to the development of Western Music by discovering two facts: first, that the sound...

This is an historical overview of spaceflight, stressing the technology of rockets, satellites and orbits, and its use in unmanned missions. It contains sections on rocket motion, Robert Goddard, history of rocketry and...