This paper, by Evert Hoek, Carlos Carranza-Torres, and Brent Corkum, discusses the Hoek-Brown Criterion and the uncertainties and inaccuracies associtated with using the criterion. The study's authors suggest a sequence...

This field activity helps reinforce the idea that all surface features on the earth were formed by some type of process. To start the activity, the teacher will select a small area or feature and have students make...

This tutorial instructs students on how to create simulations of P- and S-waves by using simple materials; a Slinky toy and a length of rope.

This lesson introduces students to a real-world application in which seismic waves are used to reveal the shallow structure of the Earth. Students will explore the concepts of reflected and refracted seismic waves and...

This educational resource describes the science behind volcanoes and volcanic processes. Topics include volcanic environments, volcano landforms, eruption dynamics, eruption products, eruption types, historical...